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FTTH mainly uses PON network technology, which requires a large number of low-cost optical splitters and other optical passive. Optical splitter device is an integral part of FTTH and with the promotion of FTTH, there would be a great market demand. The traditional preparation of optical splitter technology is fiber fused biconical taper (FBT) technology. Its characteristics are mature and simple technology. The disadvantage is that the assigned ones too large, and the device size is too large, which caused the decrease in yield and the rising cost of single channel, shunt reactive stars uniformity will deteriorate. FBT technology based fiber optic splitter preparation techniques have been unable to adapt to the market demand. PLC splitter or planar lightwave circuit splitter is a passive component that has the special waveguide made of planar silica, quartz or other materials. It is employed to split a strand of optical signal into two or more strands. PLC splitter also has lots of split ratios, and the most common ones are 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 2:8, 2:16, 2:32 and 2:64. There are many types of PLC splitters to meet with different needs in OLT and ONT connection and splitting of optical signals over FTTH passive optical networks. There are seven major package types of PLC splitters according to different applications, i.e. bare fiber splitter, module splitter, rack-mount splitter, Mini Type splitter, Tray splitter and LGX splitter. Bare fiber optical splitter ABS splitters Mini Type fiber splitter Tray splitter Rack-mount splitter LGX splitters PLC splitter in mini plug-in type Applications Bare Fiber PLC Splitter Bare fiber PLC splitter has no connector at the bare fiber ends. It can be spliced with other optical fibers in the pigtail cassette, test instrument and WDM system, which minimizes the space occupation. It is commonly used for FTTH, PON, LAN, CATV, test equipment and other applications. Mini Type PLC Splitter Mini Type PLC Splitter has a similar appearance as bare PLC splitter. But it has a more compact stainless tube package which provides stronger fiber protection, and its fiber ends are all terminated with fiber optic connectors. Connectors are commonly available with SC, LC, FC and ST types. Thus, there is no need for fiber splicing during installation. Mini PLC splitter is mainly used for different connections over distribution boxes or network cabinets. ABS BOX TYPE PLC Splitter ABS Box PLC Splitter has a plastic ABS box to protect the PLC splitter to adapt to different installation environments and requirements. Common splitter modules are 1×4, 1×8, 1×16, 1×32, 1×64, 2×4, 2×8, 2×16, 2×32. It is widely used with outdoor fiber distribution box for PON, FTTH, FTTX, PON, GOPN networks. Tray Type PLC Splitter Tray type PLC splitter can be regarded the fiber Tray which contains PLC fiber splitter inside a tray. It is often directly installed in optical fiber distribution box or optical distribution frame. FC, SC, ST & LC connectors are selective for termination. Tray type PLC splitter is an ideal solution for splitting at the places that are near OLT or ONU. Rack-mount PLC Splitter Rack-mount PLC Splitter can be used for both indoor and outdoor applications in FTTx projects, CATV or data communication centers. It uses the 19-inch rack unit standard to contain the PLC splitter inside a rack unit. LGX PLC Splitter LGX PLC splitter or LGX box PLC splitter has a strong metal box to house the PLC splitters. It can be used alone or be easily installed in standard fiber patch panel or fiber enclosure. The standard LGX mental box housing provides a plug-and-play method for integration in the network, which eliminates any risk during installation. No filed splicing or skilled personnel is required during deployment. Mini Plug-in Type PLC Splitter Mini plug-in PLC type splitter is its small version with a compact design. It is usually installed in the wall mount FTTH box for fiber optic signal distribution. Above these types of PLC splitters are typically installed to serve for PON and FTTH networks. 1xN and 2xN are the common splitter for specific applications. You can choose the correct one according to you projects and if any more questions pls feel free to contact us for any technical problem.

FTTH makes use of Fiber Optic technology to enhance communication for households. FTTH stands for Fiber to the Home, and many experts believe that FTTH cable will soon replace the traditional copper cables. There are various other elements of FTTH. FTTH Flat Drop Cable is generally also known as indoor cable. Other elements of the technology include instrumentation cables and cable glands. Next let us make a brief introduction of cable construction and the difference of Loose-Tube and Tight-Buffer Cable. Optical-Cable Construction The core is the highly refractive central region of an optical fiber through which light is transmitted. The standard telecommunications core diameter in use with SMF is between 8  m and 10m, whereas the standard core diameter in use with MMF is between 50m and 62.5m. The diameter of the cladding surrounding each of these cores is125m. Core sizes of 85m and 100 m were used in early applications, but are not typically used today. The core and cladding are manufactured together as a single solid component of glass with slightly different compositions and refractive indices. The third section of an optical fiber is the outer protective coating known as the coating. The coating is typically an ultraviolet (UV) light-cured acrylate applied during the manufacturing process to provide physical and environmental protection for the fiber. The buffer coating could also be constructed out of one or more layers of polymer, nonporous hard elastomers or high-performance PVC materials. The coating does not have any optical properties that might affect the propagation of light within the Breakout Fiber Optic Cable. During the installation process, this coating is stripped away from the cladding to allow proper termination to an optical transmission system. The coating size can vary, but the standard sizes are 250m and 900m. The 250- m coating takes less space in larger outdoor cables. The 900- m coating is larger and more suitable for smaller indoor cables. Three types of material make up fiber-optic cables: • Glass • Plastic • Plastic-clad silica (PCS) These three cable types differ with respect to attenuation. Attenuation is principally caused by two physical effects: absorption and scattering. Absorption removes signal energy in the interaction between the propagating light (photons) and molecules in the core. Scattering redirects light out of the core to the cladding. When attenuation for a fiber-optic cable is dealt with quantitatively, it is referenced for operation at a particular optical wavelength, a window, where it is minimized. The most common peak wavelengths are 780 nm, 850 nm, 1310 nm, 1550 nm, and 1625 nm. The 850-nm region is referred to as the first window (as it was used initially because it supported the original LED and detector technology). The 1310-nm region is referred to as the second window, and the 1550-nm region is referred to as the third window. Glass Fiber-Optic Cable Glass fiber-optic cable has the lowest attenuation. A pure-glass, fiber-optic cable has a glass core and a glass cladding. This cable type has, by far, the most widespread use. It has been the most popular with link installers, and it is the type of cable with which installers have the most experience. The glass used in a fiber-optic cable is ultra-pure, ultra-transparent, silicon dioxide, or fused quartz. During the glass fiber-optic cable fabrication process, impurities are purposely added to the pure glass to obtain the desired indices of refraction needed to guide light. Germanium, titanium, or phosphorous is added to increase the index of refraction. Boron or fluorine is added to decrease the index of refraction. Other impurities might somehow remain in the glass cable after fabrication. These residual impurities can increase the attenuation by either scattering or absorbing light. Plastic Fiber-Optic Cable Plastic fiber-optic cable has the highest attenuation among the three types of cable. Plastic fiber-optic cable has a plastic core and cladding. This fiber-optic cable is quite thick. Typical dimensions are 480/500, 735/750, and 980/1000. The core generally consists of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coated with a fluoropolymer. Plastic Fiber Optic cable was pioneered principally for use in the automotive industry. The higher attenuation relative to glass might not be a serious obstacle with the short cable runs often required in premise data networks. The cost advantage of plastic fiber-optic cable is of interest to network architects when they are faced with budget decisions. Plastic fiber-optic cable does have a problem with flammability. Because of this, it might not be appropriate for certain environments and care has to be taken when it is run through a plenum. Otherwise, plastic fiber is considered extremely rugged with a tight bend radius and the capability to withstand abuse. Plastic-Clad Silica (PCS) Fiber-Optic Cable The attenuation of PCS fiber-optic cable falls between that of glass and plastic. PCS Fiber Optic Cable has a glass core, which is often vitreous silica, and the cladding is plastic, usually a silicone elastomer with a lower refractive index. PCS fabricated with a silicone elastomer cladding suffers from three major defects. First, it has considerable plasticity, which makes connector application difficult. Second, adhesive bonding is not possible. And third, it is practically insoluble in organic solvents. These three factors keep this type of fiber-optic cable from being particularly popular with link installers. However, some improvements have been made in recent years. FTTH (Fiber to the Home) network compared with technologies now used in most places increases the connection speeds available for residences, apartment building and enterprises. FTTH network is the installation and use of optical fiber from a central point known as an access node to individual buildings. The links between subscriber and access node are achieved by fiber jumper cables. Loose-tube and tight buffer cables are commonly used to transmit signals with high speed, which are capable of supporting outdoor or indoor environment. Is there a cost-effective solution that can support both indoor and outdoor environment in FTTH network? To answer this, the construction and comparison of loose tube cable and tight buffer cable will be introduced in the following article. Loose-Tube and Tight-Buffer Cable The “buffer” in tight buffer cable refers to a basic component of fiber optic cable, which is the first layer used to define the type of cable construction. Typically a fiber optic cable consists of the optical fiber, buffer, strength members and an outer protective jacket (as showed in Figure 1). Loose-tube and tight-buffer cables are two basic cable design. Loose-tube cable is used in the majority of outside-plant installations, and tight-buffered cable, primarily used inside buildings. Loose-tube cable consists of a buffer layer that has an inner diameter much larger than the diameter of the fiber see in the following picture. Thus, the cable will be subject to temperature extremes in the identification and administration of fibers in the system. That’s why Loose Tube CST Fibre Cable are usually used in outdoor application. The loose-tube cables designed for FTTH outdoor application are usually loose-tube gel-filled cables (LTGF cable). This type of cable is filled with a gel that displaces or blocks water and prevents it from penetrating or getting into the cable.Tight buffer cable using a buffer attached to the fiber coating is generally smaller in diameter than loose buffer cable (showed in Figure 2). The minimum bend radius of a tight buffer cable is typically smaller than a comparable loose buffer cable. Thus tight buffer cable is usually used in indoor application. Tight buffered indoor/outdoor cable with properly designed and manufactured can meet both indoor and outdoor application requirements. It combines the design requirements of traditional indoor cable and adds moisture protection and sunlight-resistant function to meet the standards for outdoor use. Tight buffered indoor/outdoor cable also meets one or more of the code requirements for flame-spread resistance and smoke generation. In short, FTTH cable is transforming the way we communicated in the past; and it will soon become the norm. FTTH network can be increased reoffers high quality fiber cable assemblies such as Patch Cords, Pigtails, MCPs, and Breakout Cables etc. All of our custom fiber patch cords can be ordered as Single Mode 9/125, Multimode 62.5/125 OM1, and Multimode 50/125 OM2 and Multimode 10 Gig 50/125 OM3/OM4 fibers. If you have any requirement, please send your request to us.

Fiber to the x (FTTX) is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications. As Fiber Optic Cables are able to carry much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances, copper telephone networks built in the 20th century are being replaced by fiber. FTTx network architecture is now widely applied to telecommunications for long distance transmission. When using the fiber optic pigtails in FTTx network, it is very essential to protect the fiber terminations since fiber joints are fragile and easily contaminated by outside pollution. In response to the problem, equipment named fiber termination box is created to house the fiber terminations in a safer place. There are also various types of fiber termination box (FTB) solutions for different applications. This article will provide the some detailed information about them to help you select the right device for your project. K&M fiber access terminal box achieve mechanical splicing, splicing and distribution of fiber, use for FTTH network; Features of Fiber Termination Box Fiber Termination Box provides a simple and clear way to manage the incoming and out coming cables. Fiber bending radius is securely protected inside the box, thus signal integrity is also guaranteed.Fiber termination box is a compact device offering a convenient access for installation, maintenance and subsequent termination. Fiber counts can be varied to satisfy the project requirements. When installed for different occasions, fiber termination box is also designed with different structures. Classifications of Fiber Termination Box Hereunder let’s introduce some types of Fiber Termination box to its application Wall Mount Fiber Termination Box From its name, we can know that this type of fiber termination box is wall-mountable for installation. The box consists of a front door,4 LC/APC SX Adaptors and Pigtails as well as splice tray can be installed inside the box. It is typically used for applications like building entrance terminals, pre-connector zed cables, cross-connects,Field Connector installations, telephone closets, pigtail splicing, CATV, and computer rooms. Rack Mount Fiber Termination Box Rack mount fiber termination box is rack-mountable to be installed into a rack mount unit. Including 19inch and 21inch installation. Unlike the wall mount type, rack mount box has a front and rear door with sliding rails and cassettes inside can be fix the cassettes quantity depends on the capacity. And provides interfaces between outside plant cables and transmission equipment.   Fiber Splitter Box Splitting, splicing and terminating can all be done inside a small area of fiber splitter box for both indoor and outdoor use. Fiber splitter box is an optimal solution for network deployment in customer premises applications. It can distribute cables after installing splitters and also can draw out fiber optic cables by direct or cross-connections. Standard plug and play splitters are especially accepted inside the box. Fiber Distribution Box Fiber distribution box is the branch splice closure for distribution cables in FTTx network. It is widely applied to applications of aerial OSP network, medium to low-rise MDU building’s exterior attachments, and central riser closets or stairwells attachments of mid-rise to high-rise MDUs. It is a faster and easier solution than traditional OSP closures. It can fix 1*32,1*16,1*8 or 1*4 splitter，FC/SC/ST/LC adapters. Conclusion K&M have designed different types of Fiber Termination box for metal and plastic one for different applications, Customized solution is our strong point to provide the most suitable solutions for our customer with different projects.

Field Connector In FTTH installations the optical drop cable will differ in length for every house, traditional fixed length patch cords will not always be suitable. The K&M field connector removes this problem as it can be fit- ted with no epoxy or power requirements in less than two minutes. Features: • No epoxy, no polishing • Well suited for FTTX • Less than two minutes assembly time • Outstanding optical performance Performance: Insertion Loss Typical ≤0.30dB Max ≤0.50dB Return Loss ≥40dB Material UL-V0 Mechanical performance Tensile 30N ΔIL<0.3dB Durability 10 times ΔIL<0.3dB Operating temperature -40°C ~ +70°C -40°C ~ +70°C Environment Storage temperature   Operating humidity -40°C ~ +80°C   ≤85%(+30°C) Name Code Comment Field Connector 023004820 Only fit to drop ca- ble Jacket stripper 051000030 Special tool Fibre stripper 051000000 Special tool Clean tool 051000010 Special tool Field connector assembly tool 051000020 Special tool Cutter - General tool End face inspector - General tool Problem Fiber Optic Connectors that require no epoxy and no polishing--often referred to as "quick-connect" connectors--have grown in popularity and are now widely used. Because a quick-connect connector is preloaded with a fiber stub that has been bonded and polished at the factory, it is sensitive to the quality of the cleave made to the fiber to be terminated. If proper installation procedures--particularly cleaving procedures--are not followed, these connectors may fail and be perceived as unreliable. Solution Take care when cleaving the bare fiber, and check the cleave before terminating the fiber. Procedure 1) Prepare the Fiber Optic Cable for termination as you normally would, by stripping away the outer jacket, buffer, and cladding and cutting away excess aramid yarn. 2) Using a fiber cleaver (usually included in the toolkits sold for these connectors), score the fiber with a single, light touch. Do not press the cleaver more than once, because doing so may make additional scores on the fiber and eventually cause it to break. 3) Break the fiber by bending it together with the tongue of the cleaver. 4) Examine the fiber with a microscope designed to inspect fiber cleaves. Ensure that the cleave is square and that there are no chips in the fiber. (Some manufacturers` toolkits include such microscopes. They have side ports in which you insert the cleaved fibers.) 5) Using the measuring card that is included with the manufacturer`s toolkit, or using the scale on the cleaver, measure the bare fiber to ensure it is the proper length. If the bare fiber is too short, it will not reach the fiber inside the connector, and the connector will not work. 6) Clean the fiber with alcohol wipes that have at least 90% isopropyl alcohol content and lint-free material. 7) Carefully insert the bare fiber into the connector until it meets the preloaded fiber stub. Using the manufacturer`s crimping tool, crimp the connector onto the buffer. Test connectors periodically during the installation, rather than testing them all after the job is completed. Periodic testing eliminates the possibility of repeating the same errors throughout the installation. Let’s check below Sample of installing SC/APC Fast Connector Ⅱ Disassembly 1. Unlock the fiber 2、Remove the threaded boot 3、Put out the clamp and the fiber

Normally when we compare Single Mode and Multi-mode Fiber Optic Patch Cords, We have to make clear about what is the difference of Single mode and Multi-mode fiber, now let’s get down to below definitions: Single Mode Single Mode cable is a single stand of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that has one mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow diameter, through which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral width. Synonyms are mono-mode optical fiber, Single-Mode Fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, uni-mode fiber. Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type. Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm. Multi-Mode Multimode cable is made of glass fibers, with common diameters in the 50-to-100 micron range for the light carry component (the most common size is 62.5). POF is a newer plastic-based cable which promises performance similar to glass cable on very short runs, but at a lower cost. Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds over medium distances. Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as they travel through the cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical Multimode Fiber Optic Trunk Cable core diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometers. However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000 feet [914.4 ml), multiple paths of light can cause signal distortion at the receiving end, resulting in an unclear and incomplete data transmission. What is the difference between multimode and single mode fiber? Multimode fiber has a relatively large light carrying core, usually 62.5 microns or larger in diameter. It is usually used for short distance transmissions with LED based fiber optic equipment. Single-mode fiber has a small light carrying core of 8 to 10 microns in diameter. It is normally used for long distance transmissions with laser diode based fiber optic transmission equipment. Now let’s go to the patch cords: Single mode and Multi-mode fiber optic patch cables – or jumper cables Firstly let’s get down to the core of the matter: Of course, it’s the core of fiber cables that carries the light to transmit data – and the main difference between Single mode and Multi-mode fiber patch cables is the size of their respective cores. Single mode cables have a core of 8 to 10 microns. In single mode cables, light travels toward the center of the core in a single wavelength. This focusing of light allows the signal to travel over longer distances without a loss of signal quality than is possible with Multi-mode cabling. Most Single mode cabling is color-coded yellow. Multi-mode cables have a core of either 50 or 62.5 microns. In Multi-mode cables, the larger core gathers more light compared to Single mode, and this light reflects off the core and allows more signals to be transmitted. Although more cost-effective than Single mode, Multi-mode cabling does not maintain signal quality over long distances. Multimode cables are generally color-coded orange or aqua; the Aqua Fiber Patch Cables are for higher performance 10Gbps, 40Gbps, and 100Gbps Ethernet and fiber channel applications. See all of the Singlemode and Multi-mode Fiber Optic Patch Cables While you’re at it, check out our Pigtails Q: Which is better? A: It depends on your application: Single mode Fiber Patch Cables are the best choice for transmitting data over long distances. They are usually used for connections over large areas, such as college campuses and remote offices. They have a higher bandwidth than Multi-mode cables to deliver up to twice the throughput. Multimode Fiber Patch Cables are a good choice for transmitting data and voice signals over shorter distances. They are typically used for data and audio/visual applications in local-area networks and connections within buildings or remote office in close proximity to one another. Conclusion: Use Multi-mode to transmit data over short distances (LESS than ~500 meters, 1,600 feet, 1/3 of a mile) Use Single mode to transmit data over long distances (MORE than ~500 meters, 1,600 feet, 1/3 of a mile) For further questions or more please refer to www.kdmsol.com

For the lightning protection of the fiber optic splice closure in the optical cable line, it can be targeted to the local weather and terrain and other natural conditions. Through the analysis of the fiber optic splice closure in these years, it is found that the following problems should be paid attention to in the construction and maintenance of the fiber optic splice closure. 1. for the aerial fiber optic splice closure 1.1 Fiber optic splice closure usually has reinforced core can be connected or disconnected structure, regardless of the electrical connection is disconnected mode, the metal plate connection structure to superior to a bolt connection, and bolt is horizontal open hole is better than vertical slotted structure, which is selection of Fiber Optic Termination Box should pay attention to the problem. 1.2 Aerial fiber optic splice closure of metal parts, should it can be to every 2 km of grounding, grounding metal parts directly to ground or through proper surge protection grounding, such steel strand has protective effect of overhead ground wire. 2. For buried fiber optic splice closure 2.1 For the telecommunication bureau grounding of the Fiber Optic Cable, the metal parts of the cable in the fiber optic splice closure should be connected ,the strengthen core, moisture proof layer and armored layer connectivity preserving state. At the ends of the bureau (station) in the armoring layer, reinforced core should be grounded, moisture-proof layer through arrester grounding. 2.2 For without the copper wire Fiber Optic Pigtail, in accordance with the provisions of the YDJ14-91, in the fiber optic cable moisture proof layer, armored layer and strengthen core should be disconnection and are not grounded, to the ground is insulated, which can avoid the accumulation of induced lightning current in the optical cable. Practice has proved this method is simple and effective, as is usually the case, the metal component in the fiber cable of insulation value is higher, the lightning current is not easy to into the fiber cable, so as not to fiber optic splice closure damage.

K&M FTTX Total Solutions Overview of FTTx According to the distance between ONU or access equipment and subscriber, FTTx is classified as: FTTC: Fiber to The Curb FTTB: Fiber to The Building FTTH: Fiber to The Home Overview of FTTx _ ADC solution Overview of FTTx _Corning Evolant solution Overview of FTTx -3 M solutions Overview of FTTx _ North American solution From the Network structure of three companies above, we find that: FTTx Solutions above all provide for building, MDU or villa. Network node are CSP, LCP close to CSP, NAPs close to customer premises, and Customer Premises. On nodes, use outdoor fiber CCC cabinet or fiber CCC box to cross connect. On access point, use outdoor distribution cabinet or Splice Closure to distribute and manage cables. North America has wide area and small population, and human power cost is higher, so product design is prefer to the easy and convenient operation. Overview of FTTx _ Japan solution From the Network structure of Japan company above, we find that: FTTx Solutions provide for building and MDU. Network node are CSP, LCP close to CSP, NAPs close to customer premises, and Customer Premises (same as North America). On nodes, use fiber splice box to cross connect. On access point, use indoor distribution cabinet (wall-mounted) or splice box to distribute and manage. Japan has small country area and crowded population in big city, so product design is prefer to the high density and product apprearance. K&M FTTx Solutions Focus on the features of Chinese geography and human environment, FTTx is classified into: Office building MDU Villa Network node are CSP, LCP, NAPs, and Customer  Premises On nodes, use fiber outdoor Fiber Distribution Cabinet or splice box to cross connect. On access point, use indoor / outdoor distribution cabinet or splice box to distribute and manage. Easy operation, higher density and product appearance. K&M FTTx Solutions– Definition of Network Node Central Switch Point （CSP） Local Convergence Point （LCP） Network Access Points (NAPs) Customer Premises Bone band cable:   CSP —— LCP Distribution cable:   LCP —— NAPs Subscriber cable：   NAPs —— Customer Premises K&M FTTx Solutions–Network Structure K&M FTTx Solutions– FTTx K&M  FTTx Solutions– FTTc K&M FTTx Solutions– FTTB K&M FTTx Solutions– FTTH (MDU) K&M FTTx Project– Shanghai Telecom Project Apartment block has totally 1144 customers Adopts 1:4 and 1:8 splitter;Splitter is installed in center office and floor well, totally with 320 NAPs; HUAWEI EPON equipment,configured with 10 PON terminals;OLT on office site; ONU adopts AC 220V, located in Home. ONU located in Home, mechanical splice, 863 IPTV and Internet； 863 IPTV/25M, High speed Internet/4M, one for software switch.

Our success is due to our technical prowess, the quality of our products, the accountability of our well exposed engineers, and our strategic partnership with renowned global players.

Our success is due to our technical prowess, the quality of our products, the accountability of our well exposed engineers, and our strategic partnership with renowned global players.

Our success is due to our technical prowess, the quality of our products, the accountability of our well exposed engineers, and our strategic partnership with renowned global players.